Assessing community readiness for overweight and obesity prevention in pre-adolescent girls:a case study

BACKGROUND: Childhood overweight and obesity is a global public health concern. For girls in particular, being overweight or obese during pre-adolescence (aged 7–11 years) has intergenerational implications for both the mother and her future offspring. In the United Kingdom (UK) there is increasing interest in community targeted interventions but less is known about how to tailor these approaches to the needs of the community. This study applied the Community Readiness Model (CRM), for the first time in the UK, to demonstrate its applicability in designing tailored interventions. METHODS: Community readiness assessment was conducted using semi-structured key informant interviews. The community’s key informants were identified through focus groups with pre-adolescent girls. The interviews addressed the community’s efforts; community knowledge of the efforts; leadership; community climate; community knowledge of the issue and resources available to support the issue. Interviews were conducted until the point of theoretical saturation and questions were asked separately regarding physical activity (PA) and healthy eating and drinking (HED) behaviours. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and were firstly analysed thematically and then scored using the assessment guidelines produced by the CRM authors. RESULTS: Readiness in this community was higher for PA than for HED behaviours. The lowest scores related to the community’s ’resources’ and the ’community knowledge of the issue’; affirming these two issues as the most appropriate initial targets for intervention. In terms of resources, there is also a need for resources to support the development of HED efforts beyond the school. Investment in greater physical education training for primary school teachers was also identified as an intervention priority. To address the community’s knowledge of the issue, raising the awareness of the prevalence of pre-adolescent girls’ health behaviours is a priority at the local community level. Inconsistent school approaches contributed to tensions between schools and parents regarding school food policies. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified the readiness level within a UK community to address the behaviours related to overweight and obesity prevention in pre-adolescent girls. The focus of an intervention in this community should initially be resources and raising awareness of the issue within the community

Human growth: its assessment, evaluation and variation

In this submission I have chosen to divide my output into three parts; (1) the assessment and evaluation of human growth and (2) normal human growth and its variation with particular reference to South Africa and (3) the developmental origins paradigm. I have accumulated in excess of 300 published contributions in the field of human growth so for the sake of brevity I have chosen to include copies of 30 publications to support this submission. These publications represent mostly internationally reviewed articles and one book chapter. The various textbooks, most notable covering anthropometry, skeletal maturity, and research methods in the general field of human growth and development, that are used internationally by practitioners and students alike, have not been included in this submission yet they form a significant contribution to the field of human growth and development. The TW2 skeletal maturity method has been cited over 2,500 times and my reference work on anthropometric measures almost 500 times indicating the frequency with which these methods have been used by growth researchers

In pursuit of a fair and equal society: Worldwide Variations in Human Growth 1964-1988

In pursuit of a fair and equal society: Worldwide Variations in Human Growth 1964-198

22nd EAA Congress – 15th ISGA Congress – 5th International Conference of Evolutionary Medicine

This Abstract book covers material of the Joint International Meeting: 22nd EAA Congress, 15th ISGA Congress, 5th International Conference of Evolutionary Medicine. This event was organized at Vilnius University (Lithuania) in 2022 on August 24-27th in a hybrid way, which brought together 28 famous keynote speakers from Austria, Great Britain, the USA, Australia, Croatia, Poland, France, Switzerland, Germany and other countries. This book includes the abstracts of more than 180 presentations. The main theme of the 22nd Congress of EAA (European Anthropology Association) is Human variation and adaptation in a changing world with a particular focus on physical, biopsychosocial and general health changes in the human body. The topics of the 15th Congress of ISGA (International Society for the Study of Human Growth and Clinical Auxology) expand our understanding of human growth and development in health and disease. Special attention is paid to human growth in the period of early ontogenesis, to environmental factors affecting growth (including growth in war and other stressful conditions), children and adolescents’ nutrition and body composition, also modern analyses of growth data. The 5th International Conference on Evolutionary Medicine expands an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the diversity of human health and disease, sharing research from different fields to cooperate together in order to understand the mechanisms of different disease from the evolutionary point of view. The Abstract Book of this joint international event should not only be interesting to scientists of various scientific fields such as anthropology, human biology, public health, and health education, but also to clinical doctors, especially neonatologists, paediatricians, family practitioners and many others. Organisers believe that knowledge of the potential of human adaptation and evolutionary mechanisms in maintaining the health and wellbeing of our species will encourage fruitful interdisciplinary discussions in medical society as well as among biologists, sociologists and other specialists

Palaeodemographics of individuals in Dinaledi Chamber using dental remains

This is an Open Access Article. It is published by the Academy of Science of South Africa under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Hominin skeletal remains from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa, represent a minimum of 15 individuals of the extinct species Homo naledi. We examined the dental material from this sample in order to assess the life-history stages of individuals in the sample, in particular to determine the minimum number of individuals in the sample as a whole, and within each of six age classes. We found evidence of individuals within every age class: infant, early juvenile, late juvenile, subadult, young adult and old adult. The Dinaledi Chamber sample is notable in comparison to other samples of human, chimpanzee and fossil hominins in that it has a relatively high representation of juvenile remains, as compared to infants and adults. With 15 individuals, the sample size presented by the Dinaledi dental material is too small to test the hypothesis of attritional versus catastrophic accumulation. The data here provide a basis for further investigation of individual associations within this commingled assemblage, and provide an important comparative data set as a basis for the consideration of life history in H. naledi and other extinct hominin populations

A critical discussion of the Community Readiness Model using a case study of childhood obesity prevention in England

Recent reforms to the public health system in England aim to generate co-ordinated action between local authorities, healthcare systems and communities to target local health priorities. To support this effort, researchers must contribute and evaluate appropriate strategies for designing interventions tailored to community-specific needs. One strategy is to apply the Community Readiness Model (CRM), which uses key informant interviews to assess a community's readiness to address local issues. This article presents a critical discussion of the CRM developed from a case study of obesity prevention in pre-adolescent girls within a community in the United Kingdom. Data were collected between February and November 2011. We offer lessons learnt and recommendations relating to (i) modifications to the interview guide; (ii) key informant identification; (iii) conducting interviews to theoretical saturation; (iv) using key informants to define their community; (v) key informant's ability to respond on behalf of the community; (vi) using a qualitative model with a quantitative scoring system; and (vii) the optimum application of transcript scoring. In conclusion, the CRM can help researchers, health professionals and local authorities identify the priorities of a community. It is recommended that users of the model be careful to identify and recruit suitable key informants with the help of the community under study, select an appropriate ‘community’ and utilise the qualitative findings to strengthen the interpretation of the readiness score

Moving well, being well: an intervention aimed at increasing fundamental movement skills in Irish primary school children, while also increasing teacher confidence in delivering physical activity based lessons.

Physical Activity (PA) has long been positively linked with health benefits. Recent research shows that 67% of adolescents are not getting the recommended one hour of moderate to vigorous activity (MVPA) per day. In addition, 99.5% of the same sample did not achieve the level of Fundamental Movement Skill (FMS) proficiency expected of their age. In young children FMS proficiency is hypothesised to correlate with increased PA in later life, and these skills are best developed throughout the early school going years. To address these alarming statistics, phase one of the Moving Well-Being Well project has assessed a nationwide sample (n=2148) of primary school children (5-13 years) in Ireland. The range of assessments covered all aspects of the currently accepted physical literacy model: competence, motivation, confidence, and knowledge and understanding. The results show that 77.5% of primary school children were classed as ‘very poor’ or ‘below average’ in FMS proficiency (n=2098, Male 53%). The findings also show significantly higher (p<0.001) FMS proficiency for children who achieve high levels of MVPA, over those who are less active. Confidence and motivation both saw significant increases (p<0.05) for those categorised as highly active, compared to those in the low activity group. There was significant difference between these groups for knowledge and understanding, and 54.8% did not know the minimum recommended MVPA guidelines. These findings have been used to develop the intervention aiming at addressing these deficiencies. The intervention targets increasing teacher confidence in delivering FMS programmes through an innovative school’s in-service training program

Getting Ireland’s Children Moving: Examining fundamental movement skills in Irish school children as a key component for physical literacy.

Recent reports from the World Health Organisation predict Ireland to be ‘the most obese nation in Europe by 2030”. In addition to this stark warning, recent research findings suggest that the country’s adolescents are falling short of physical literacy. With physical literacy being recognised as a key driver in lifelong physical activity participation, phase one of the Moving Well-Being Well study has assessed primary school children (5-13 years) in all aspects of the currently accepted physical literacy model. Areas of assessment included; fundamental movement skills (FMS) proficiency, perceived motor skill competence, motivation and confidence measures, health related fitness measures, body image, wellbeing and physical activity participation. FMS proficiency has been associated with beneficial health outcomes, and is most successfully developed during early school years, and as such is a central component of this study. Data was collected nationwide (n=2098, male 53%), and findings show that 77.5% of children scored between ‘very poor’ and ‘below average’ in FMS proficiency. There was no difference between children attending urban and rural schools, but notably, when socioeconomic status is taken into account, the schools in middle and upper-class neighbourhoods scored significantly higher (p<0.001) than those in the so called disadvantaged areas. The results also show significantly higher (p<0.001) FMS proficiency for children who achieve high levels of moderate to vigorous activity (MVPA), over those who are less active. Findings suggest that Irish primary school children fail to exhibit age-appropriate FMS proficiency. This low level of motor skills proficiency can have direct negative implications for future participation in physical activity. These findings are being used to create the structure of the Moving Well-Being Well intervention aiming at addressing these deficiencies

Exploring components of physical literacy in Irish children

Aim: To investigate the relationship between Self-Determination Theory’s motivational regulations and fundament movement skills (FMS) in primary school children. Quality of physical activity (PA) motivation has been found to be an important correlate and a potential determinant of PA. However, there are few that have investigated the quality of PA motivation’s relationship with determinants and correlates of PA, such as fundamental movement skills (FMS). There is an increasing recognition of the relationship between FMS and PA in childhood, with studies beginning to show a causal relationship. Thus, this study investigates the relationship between children’s quality of PA motivation and their FMS proficiency. The motivation and FMS of 865 children (47.7% female, 10.9 ± 1.16 years) was collected. The TGMD-3 (Ulrich, 2017) was implemented to evaluate FMS. Meanwhile, quality of motivation was measured using the BREQ which was adapted for children (Sebire et al., 2013). A hierarchical multiple regression was conducted to assess the capacity of four measures (intrinsic motivation, identified, introjected and external regulations) on FMS proficiency, with separate male and female analysis. The four measures explained 8.9% of the variance in FMS for males (R2 = .089, p < .001) and 5.5% for females (R2 = .055, p < .001). For males, three measures were statistically significant (p < .05): identified (β = .21), external (β = -.14), and introjected (β = .13) regulation. Meanwhile, for females only external regulation (β = -.21) made a significant contribution to FMS. The results of the current research are congruent with previous SDT research, demonstrating how motivation quality influences FMS proficiency. It is no surprise that FMS proficiency and intrinsic motivation do not have a significant relationship; perhaps developing FMS proficiency requires individuals to place value on the skills and to recognise the importance of FMS in terms of facilitating their participation and success in PA. This study provides evidence for the need to promote autonomous motivation and prevent controlling motivation when designing, testing and implementing FMS interventions